Node

Network

...etwork are as follows: 1. New transactions are broadcast to all nodes. 2. Each node collects new transactions into a block. 3. Each node works on finding a difficu...

Simplified Payment Verification

It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-...

Calculations

...with the honest chain, as follows [^8]: ```plaintext p = probability an honest node finds the next block q = probability the attacker finds the next block qz = pro...

Introduction and Existing Concepts

...entity on a particular list, with an economic barrier -- the weight of a single node in the consensus voting process is directly proportional to the computing power...

Mining

...lock in any way; it is purely an abstraction to be remembered by the validating node and can only be (securely) computed for any block by starting from the genesis ...

Merkle Trees

...ere the leaf nodes contain hashes of individual transactions, and each interior node contains the hash of its two children, recursively building up to a single root...

Code Execution

...an execute. The execution model is deliberately simple and deterministic: every node running the EVM with the same input state and transaction must arrive at the sa...

Miscellanea And Concerns

...ng network resources. Scalability remains a significant concern, as every full node must process every transaction to verify the state. Current blockchain architec...

Proof of Reserves

...kchain through the Omni Layer Protocol. Anyone running an Omni Layer-compatible node, or using a public block explorer that supports Omni Layer tokens, can query th...

Abstract

...rations. The key insight is that consensus does not require global trust. Each node in the network maintains a Unique Node List (UNL) — a set of other nodes that i...

Introduction

...these concerns by using a different mechanism for Sybil resistance — the Unique Node List — and a separate iterative voting protocol for consensus. This decoupling ...

Definition of Consensus

...en servers because they have received different sets of transactions. **Unique Node List (UNL).** The UNL of a server `s` is a set of other servers that `s` trusts...

Existing Consensus Algorithms

...nodes, but they assume crash failures rather than Byzantine failures. A crashed node simply stops responding, whereas a Byzantine node may send conflicting messages...

Formal Analysis of Convergence

...ove the threshold. The combination of the overlap requirement and the Byzantine node bound makes it impossible for `T` to simultaneously achieve 80% support in one ...

Unique Node Lists

The Unique Node List (UNL) is the mechanism by which RPCA achieves Sybil resistance without pro...

Simulation Code

...network size, which is a key advantage of the UNL-based approach). **Byzantine node fraction.** The percentage of Byzantine nodes was varied from 0% (fully correct...

Discussion

....** The structure of the network's UNL graph — the graph where each server is a node and each UNL inclusion is a directed edge — significantly impacts the propertie...

Conclusion

...nsus for payment systems. By utilizing collectively-trusted subnetworks (Unique Node Lists) rather than requiring global agreement among all nodes or computationall...

Introduction

... or make a weak assumption about the participants' abilities to keep time. Each node in the network typically maintains its own local clock without any guarantee th...

Network Design

...blockchain, transactions are broadcast to the entire network and stored in each node's mempool until they are included in a block. This approach wastes bandwidth, a...

Proof of History Sequence

...icantly faster than generation. The PoH sequence also supports light proofs. A node that wants to prove that a specific event occurred at a specific position in th...

Proof of Stake Consensus

...en lockout has expired by checking the PoH sequence, without trusting any other node's clock. This eliminates the ambiguity that would otherwise make time-based loc...

Performance

...rate scales linearly with the number of GPU cores. With multiple GPUs, a single node can verify millions of signatures per second, ensuring that cryptographic valid...

Network Architecture

...r protocol for disseminating transactions and blocks across the network. When a node receives a new transaction or block, it validates it against the protocol rules...

Background: The Scaling Debate

... would increase the computational and bandwidth requirements for running a full node, potentially pricing out ordinary users and concentrating node operation among ...

Transaction Throughput and Scalability

...y encoding only the difference between a block and the transactions a receiving node already has in its mempool. Canonical Transaction Ordering (CTOR), implemented ...

Network Architecture

...nsensus rules. The network is permissionless, meaning that anyone can operate a node and participate in the network without authorization. Multiple independent ful...

Conclusion

... widespread adoption and usage outweigh the increased hardware requirements for node operators. This is an empirical question whose answer will unfold over the comi...