Storage

Reclaiming Disk Space

...of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.

Merkle Trees

... Merkle trees are used not only for transactions but also for state and receipt storage, enabling even more sophisticated light client protocols.

Ethereum

..., a transaction counter (nonce), and for contract accounts, associated code and storage. The platform includes a built-in Turing-complete programming language for writ...

Ethereum Accounts

... an ether balance, and for contracts specifically, contract code and persistent storage. Ether is the primary internal cryptocurrency of Ethereum, serving as both a m...

Messages and Transactions

.... The gas mechanism is crucial for preventing abuse: every computational step, storage operation, and data byte in a transaction consumes gas. If a transaction runs o...

Ethereum State Transition Function

...ts, or the gas runs out. During execution, the contract can read and modify its storage, send messages to other contracts, and create new contracts. Finally, if the v...

Code Execution

...nsuring consensus across the network. The EVM provides three distinct types of storage for computation. The stack is a last-in-first-out (LIFO) structure limited to 1...

Blockchain and Mining

...ccount objects, where each account has a balance, nonce, code (if present), and storage. Ethereum uses a modified version of the GHOST (Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtr...

Applications

...lized domain name systems like Namecoin, reputation systems, decentralized file storage, and organizational governance tools. Of all these application types, token sys...

Decentralized File Storage

Decentralized file storage can be implemented through Ethereum contracts that coordinate between users who...

Conclusion

...um protocol moves far beyond just currency. Protocols around decentralized file storage, decentralized computation, and decentralized prediction markets, among dozens ...

Existing Consensus Algorithms

...rns about centralization, as larger blocks favor miners with more bandwidth and storage. - **Probabilistic finality.** Even after multiple confirmations, a proof-of-w...

Abstract

... contract runtime (Sealevel), and a Proof of Replication scheme for distributed storage verification. Together these components form a system whose throughput scales n...

Streaming Proof of Replication

...py is unique (due to the validator-specific key), a validator cannot fake their storage proof by copying another validator's encrypted data. The encryption process us...

System Architecture

...l │ │ PoH + │ │ packets │ │ on CUDA cores │ │ parallel │ │ Storage │ └──────────┘ └──────────────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ ...

Performance

...imple transfers) PoH Generator 4 GHz core 4,000,000 hashes/sec Write/Storage NVMe SSD ~1,000,000 IOPS ``` A critical property of Solana's perf...

Technology

...chitecture employs a proxy pattern that separates the contract's logic from its storage, enabling upgradeability while preserving the deployed contract address. This d...

Transaction Throughput and Scalability

... blocks efficiently. By leveraging modern multi-core processors and solid-state storage, optimized node implementations can validate blocks containing tens of thousand...