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A batch of data (often transactions) added to the blockchain as a unit. Blocks are linked by including the previous blo…

A compact summary of a block containing metadata such as previous block hash, Merkle root, timestamp, and consensus fie…

The process of broadcasting newly created blocks through the network. Faster propagation generally reduces the rate of …

A limit on the amount of data that can be included in a block. Block size constraints influence throughput, fees, and d…

The expected or average time between blocks. Block time affects latency, security assumptions, and throughput.

An append-only ledger of blocks, where each block references the previous one via cryptographic hashes. This chaining m…

A probabilistic data structure used to test set membership with possible false positives but no false negatives. Some p…

A fixed reference point in the chain used to reduce sync cost or defend against certain long-range attacks. Checkpoints…

A node that independently verifies all consensus rules and maintains the full state required to validate new blocks. Fu…

The first block in a blockchain, hardcoded into the protocol's history. It anchors the chain and has no previous block …

A message dissemination method where nodes repeatedly share data with peers, causing information to spread like an epid…

A Solana design that forwards transactions to upcoming leaders ahead of time, reducing mempool pressure. It helps valid…

A record of accounts and balances (and potentially other state) at a point in time. Some systems call each finalized st…

A node that verifies blockchain data with reduced storage and bandwidth, typically using headers and proofs rather than…

A computer running protocol software that participates in the network by validating and relaying data. Nodes can be ful…

A network architecture where nodes communicate directly without a central server. Blockchains use P2P networks to propa…

A technique where nodes discard old data while retaining enough information to validate new blocks. Pruning reduces sto…

Recursive Length Prefix encoding, a serialization method used in Ethereum for transactions, blocks, and other structure…

Simplified Payment Verification: a Bitcoin technique where a client downloads block headers and uses Merkle proofs to v…

An attack where one actor creates many identities to gain disproportionate influence in a network. Consensus systems us…

A time value recorded in a block, often used for ordering and difficulty adjustment. Block timestamps are usually const…

A block propagation protocol used by Solana that breaks data into smaller pieces and transmits them through a layered n…

The distributed ledger system associated with XRP, designed for fast settlement and payment use cases. It uses a consen…