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Existing Consensus Algorithms

...stems with crash failures. Paxos and its more understandable variant Raft use a leader-based approach where a single designated proposer coordinates agreement. These ...

Abstract

... them without communicating with each other. This allows the system to choose a leader, have that leader sequence user messages, and have validators process those mes...

Introduction

...ign that leverages PoH as a global clock, enabling a pipeline of optimizations: leader-based block production with predetermined schedules, streaming block propagatio...

Outline

...fied efficiently. Next, we present the network design of Solana, including the leader rotation mechanism, the data plane used for block propagation, and the transact...

Network Design

Solana's network operates on a rotating leader model where a single validator at a time is designated as the leader, responsib...

Proof of History Sequence

...))`. The ordering within a single PoH index is determined by the generator (the leader), while the ordering between different PoH indices is determined by the hash ch...

Timestamp

...erty of PoH timestamps is that they cannot be manipulated by a single malicious leader. A leader could attempt to assign incorrect wall-clock times to PoH ticks, but ...

Proof of Stake Consensus

...al for any validator whose stake exceeds the potential profit from the attack. Leader selection in Tower BFT is determined by the PoH sequence and the current stake ...

Streaming Proof of Replication

...continuously as new blocks are produced, rather than in discrete rounds. As the leader produces new blocks, validators encrypt them into their local PoRep store immed...

System Architecture

...cuted transactions to the ledger and integrates them into the PoH sequence. The leader's PoH generator incorporates the transaction results into the hash chain, produ...

Performance

...network's aggregate bandwidth is utilized efficiently, so the bottleneck is the leader's outbound bandwidth rather than the total network capacity. ``` Throughput Pr...

Conclusion

...oH timestamps. Gulf Stream eliminates the mempool by leveraging the predictable leader schedule that PoH enables. Turbine uses erasure coding and tree-structured prop...